|
A courtship display is a set of behaviors in which an animal attempts to attract a mate and exhibit their desire to copulate. These behaviors often include ritualized movement ("dances"), vocalizations, mechanical sound production, or displays of beauty, strength, or agonistic ability.〔Girard, Madeline B., Kasumovic, Michael M., Elias, Damian O. 2011. Multi-modal courtship in the peacock spider, Maratus volans (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874). PloS One vol. 6 (9) p. e25390〕〔Riede, Tobias, Forstmeier, Wolfgang, Kempenaers, Bart, Goller, Franz. 2015. The functional morphology of male courtship displays in the Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos). The Auk vol. 132 (1) pp. 65–77〕〔Koch, Rebecca E., Krakauer, Alan H., Patricelli, Gail L. 2015. Investigating female mate choice for mechanical sounds in the male Greater Sage-Grouse. Auk vol. 132 (2) p. 349–358〕〔Beauchamp, A. J. 2014. Calling and display by peacocks (pavo cristatus) at mansion house historic reserve, kawau island, New Zealand. Notornis vol. 61 (1) pp. 27–34〕〔Martin, A. R., Da Silva, V. M F, Rothery, P. 2008. Object carrying as socio-sexual display in an aquatic mammal. Biology Letters vol. 4 (3) p. 243-245〕〔Lim, Matthew L. M., Li, Daiqin. 2004. Courtship and male-male agonistic behaviour of Cosmophasis umbratica Simon, an ornate jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae) from Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology vol. 52 (2) pp. 435–448〕 ==Male display== In general, males are often the sex which initiate courtship displays in response to pre-copulatory sexual selection. Performing a display allows the male to present his traits or abilities to a female. Mate choice, in this context, is driven by females. Direct or indirect benefits are often key deciding factors in which males get to copulate and which don't. Direct benefits can be seen due to the expression of preference. Females can raise their own fitness if they prefer to respond to particular types of signals, independent of costs and certain benefits associated with mating. For example, choosing to mate with males that produce more localized signals would incur less of an energetic investment for a female as she searches for a mate. On the other hand, females can put in more energy towards this process and still attain a higher fitness if they mate with only particular types of males.〔Wagner, E., Jr., William. 2011. Direct Benefits and the Evolution of Female Mating Preferences: Conceptual Problems, Potential Solutions, and a Field Cricket. Advances in the study of behavior vol 43 p. 273〕 With this, the males being chosen may impose lower costs on the female or even provide more in terms of material or offspring contributions. Indirect benefits are benefits that may not directly affect the parents' fitness. As such, indirect benefits increase the fitness of the offspring. For example, offspring of a female will inherit half of the genetic information from the male counterpart. This means that those traits she saw as attractive will be passed on, producing an offspring that is more fit. The male Six-Plumed bird-of-paradise, ''Parotia lawesii'', exemplifies this idea of male courtship display with its ritualized "ballerina dance" and unique occipital and breast feathers that serve to stimulate the female visual system.〔Wilts, Bodo D., Michielsen, Kristel, De Raedt, Hans, Stavenga, Doekele G. 2014. Sparkling feather reflections of a bird-of-paradise explained by finite-difference time-domain modeling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 111 (12) pp. 4363–4368〕 This stimulation, along with many other factors, results in subsequent copulation or rejection. Elaborate courtship displays can also be seen in many other animal species. For example, the male peacock spider, ''Maratus volans'', uses vibratory signals concurrently with visual displays to court females.〔Elias, D.O., Girard, M.B., Kasumovic, M.M. 2011. Multi-modal courtship in the peacock spider, Maratus volans (O.P.-Cambridges, 1874), PLoS ONE vol 6 (9) pp. 1–10〕 The adult male Eastern fence lizard, ''Sceloporus undulatus'', possesses blue and black ventral patches that serve the purpose of sex recognition and intrasexual social signaling.〔Cox, M. Robert, Henry, B., John-Alder, I., Stephanie, Angela Leo, Skelly. 2005. Testosterone Regulates Sexually Dimorphic coloration in the Eastern Fence Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus. The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists vol. 3 p597-608.〕 Males will show off these patches to females in an attempt to convince her to copulate. In many cases, male courtship displays will cause forms of contest competition to develop. This is often seen within lek mating systems. For example, males will seek to obtain a certain spot or position to perform their courtship display. The best spots are regions of high contention as many males want them for themselves. Because of this direct conflict, agonistic encounters between males are fairly common.〔Kroiss, Johannes, Lechner, Klaus, Strohm, Erhard. 2009. Male territoriality and mating system in the European beewolf Philanthus triangulum F. (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae): evidence for a “hotspot” lek polygyny. Journal of Ethology vol. 28 (2) pp. 295–304〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Courtship display」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|